MTSA Advanced Physiology For Nursing Practice Test

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• Where do lysosomes originate in the cell?
• In what scenario would ions typically flow through leak channels?
• Which protein type plays a crucial role in cell signaling and recognition?
• What is the number of calories released when the last phosphate bond is broken to convert AMP to adenosine?
• What is one of the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
• What is a potential problem associated with facilitated diffusion?
• What is the approximate intracellular pCO2 level in mmHg?
• What is the primary role of voltage-gated Ca++ channels during exocytosis?
• During rapid repolarization in hyperkalemia, what causes the K+ channels to flow faster?
• What is the effect of hypokalemia on the action potential threshold?
• What is the voltage range at which voltage-gated potassium channels are shut?
• What type of channel opens in response to a specific chemical signal?
• What is the net ATP produced from glycolysis?
• What is the typical extracellular concentration of chloride (Cl-) in mEq/L?
• Which of the following statements is true regarding prolonged depolarization?
• How does the size of mitochondria change in response to increased energy demand?
• Into what substance can ketone bodies be converted during lipogenesis?
• Which metabolic pathway produces the most ATP?
• What is the total amount of energy released if all bonds in ATP are broken?
• Which of the following is a simple carbohydrate found in cells?
• Which of the following is NOT a type of ketone body?
• What is the primary contributor to membrane potential?
• What stimulates the initial action potential in a neuron's membrane?
• Which type of cells are known as anuclear cells?
• Why does glucose affect osmolarity less than NaCl?
• Which process is an example of facilitated diffusion?
• What is the first step in the mechanism of exocytosis?
• What type of ribosomal subunit is referred to as the large subunit in eukaryotic ribosomes?
• Which gas diffuses more easily across the cell membrane?
• Is osmosis considered a passive or active process?
• What is the normal range of extracellular pO2 in mmHg?
• What is the effect of decreased potassium levels on the rate of depolarization?
• In the detoxification process in peroxisomes, which substance is chiefly oxidized?
• What is a clinical implication of saturated facilitated diffusion carrier proteins?
• How many ATP molecules are produced net from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
• What does RMP stand for in physiological terms?
• What is the result of higher osmolarity in a solution?
• Which type of T-lymphocytes experience loss through apoptosis during fetal development?
• What are leak channels characterized by?
• What are the types of gradients that can exist across membranes?
• Which of the following primarily regulates sodium and potassium levels in cells?
• Which ion channels are involved in maintaining resting membrane potential?
• Which of the following is a known antioxidant that scavenges toxic O2 species?
• Why is secondary active transport referred to as 'secondary'?
• What does membrane potential describe?
• What is a carbohydrate attached to a protein called?
• Why are osmolarity and osmolality often used interchangeably in physiology?
• What are the five major components of protoplasm?
• What type of chemical bond is present in NaCl?
• Which type of transport is best for moving glucose across the cell membrane?
• In terms of osmolarity, which factor is more significant?
• What is the osmolarity of normal body plasma?
• What does the symbol "Cal" stand for in thermodynamics?
• What is the definition of necrosis?
• What does the term "solute" refer to in a solution?
• How many calories are theoretically released from the complete oxidation of glucose?
• What characterizes the absolute refractory period?
• In hypokalemia, what happens to the duration of depolarization?
• What is the metabolic state associated with increased levels of ketone bodies?
• Which is an example of apoptosis in fetal development?
• During secondary active transport, a decrease in intracellular sodium can impact what process?
• Why does a larger stimulus require during the relative refractory period?
• What is Avogadro's number?
• What is the first step that occurs when glucose enters a cell?
• Which type of protein can completely transverse the cell membrane?
• Why are endocytosis and exocytosis considered active transport mechanisms?
• Which characteristic of channel proteins is important for facilitated diffusion?
• What contributes to the osmolarity of body fluids?
• What is the typical intracellular concentration of sodium (Na+) in mEq/L?
• What is the size classification of eukaryotic ribosomes?
• The primary role of glycocalyx in cellular function is to:
• How does the speed of osmosis compare to simple diffusion?
• What happens to proteins synthesized by ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
• Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion?
• Which solution would be most likely to lead to increased intracellular water?
• What occurs to the PR interval in the presence of hyperkalemia?
• Which gradient affects the movement of ions across membranes?
• What condition would primarily contribute to a decrease in body osmolarity?
• Which metabolic process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell?
• What is the typical extracellular concentration of sodium (Na+) in mEq/L?
• What is the amount of calories released from breaking one high energy phosphate bond in ATP?
• Which cell type is NOT considered excitable?
• What do glycolipids and glycoproteins together form?
• What does a change in potassium (K) influence in terms of membrane functionality?
• What characteristic makes voltage gated Na channels open quickly?
• What does one mole represent in terms of particles?
• Which two types of secondary active transport exist?
• Which of the following describes a clinical example of stimulus during the relative refractory period?
• What is the measurement of osmolality defined as?
• What do lysosomes contain that allows them to digest cellular waste?
• What is the typical extracellular concentration of amino acids in mg/dl?
• What signifies the end of depolarization in a neuron?
• What is defined as the pressure required to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane?
• The part of the phospholipid that is hydrophilic is known as:
• Which of the following is considered a reactive oxygen species (free radical)?
• What is the significance of NADH and FADH2 in metabolism?
• Which condition is characterized by too slow apoptosis?
• Which cells are regarded as multinuclear?
• What is the approximate intracellular pO2 level in mmHg?
• What contributes significantly to membrane potential in cells?
• Which type of transport does NOT require energy?
• What additional example of primary active transport is mentioned in relation to muscles?
• From how many ATP molecules is the gross yield produced from one glucose molecule?
• Where are ribosomes typically located within the cell?
• What is the typical extracellular concentration of calcium (Ca++) in mEq/L?
• How does hypocalcemia affect the threshold for action potentials?
• What is the intracellular concentration of amino acids typically found in mg/dl?
• What factors contribute to the selectivity of protein ion channels?
• What is the major function of the glycocalyx?
• Which type of transport requires ATP to move substances against the concentration gradient?
• What is the clinical impact of hyperkalemia on membrane potential?
• Are intracellular and extracellular fluids electrically charged?
• What is the intracellular concentration of magnesium ions (Mg++) typically found in mEq/L?
• Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?
• Which term describes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose?
• What do hepatocytes do with lactic acid?
• What is the typical electrical gradient of a resting cell?
• How does the body primarily use the ATP produced from the Krebs Cycle?
• Which factors contribute to the initiation of an action potential?
• What is the net yield of ATP in anaerobic metabolism from one glucose molecule?
• What is one of the key functions of the primary active Na-K pump?
• When do voltage gated Na channels open?
• What do hypertonic saline solutions generally do to body osmolarity?
• What defines the "all or none" phenomenon in action potentials?
• What is the typical extracellular concentration of glucose in mg/dl?
• What is the normal extracellular pCO2 range in mmHg?
• What process is responsible for the formation of glycogen from glucose?
• What is the primary fate of vesicles after they leave the Golgi apparatus?
• Which of the following describes the tails of a phospholipid bilayer?
• Where would glucose typically be found moving against its gradient into the cell?
• What is the typical extracellular concentration of magnesium (Mg++) in mEq/L?
• What are the main components of the phospholipid bilayer?
• What is the primary protein responsible for affecting oncotic pressure in the plasma?
• What electrolyte change can lead to rapid fluctuations in cardiac rhythm and potential arrhythmias?
• What is the role of vitamins C and E as toxic O2 scavengers?
• Which solute is primarily transported by the GLUT transporters?
• Which factor would NOT increase the rate of diffusion?
• What physiological condition results from increased resting membrane potential due to hypokalemia?
• What characteristic makes voltage-gated potassium channels slow to open?
• What is the common intracellular concentration of hydrogen phosphate ions (HPO4--) in mEq/L?
• Which type of cells are considered insulin-independent?
• What is responsible for the accumulation of negatively charged proteins just inside the cell membrane?
• What happens during the process of ketoacidosis?
• Which compound is produced from acetyl CoA besides ketone bodies?
• What occurs when osmolarity is high in a solution containing solutes?
• Which type of proteins found in cells provide structural support?
• What is the risk associated with vasoconstriction of the kidney due to adenosine?
• What happens to glucose-6-phosphate in hepatocytes?
• What acids compose the Krebs Cycle?
• What is one of the products of the conversion of lactic acid in the liver?
• Which of the following is an example of secondary active co-transport?
• In relation to RMP, what should always be compared?
• When calcium levels increase, what happens to the threshold?
• What feature of voltage gated Na channels helps attract Na ions faster than just the concentration gradient?
• What do we call a lipid that is attached to a carbohydrate?
• What kind of particles contribute to osmolarity?
• Which of the following is a physiological effect of adenosine?
• What must H2O soluble, polar ions use to move across the cell membrane?
• What physiological effect does adenosine have on the AV node?
• Do all GLUT transporters utilize facilitated diffusion?
• Which transport method primarily relies on concentration gradients?
• In secondary active co-transport, how do the solutes move?
• What phenomenon occurs when voltage gated Na channels haven't fully reset yet?
• Which cells are most likely to have a prominent Golgi apparatus?
• What do contractive proteins utilize during endocytosis and exocytosis?
• What is the main role of glucose transporters (GLUTs) in the body?
• Which reactive oxygen species is known as superoxide?
• Every particle in a solution contributes to osmolarity regardless of:
• What chemical substance is primarily found in peroxisomes?
• What type of stimulation is characterized as chemical in nature?
• How fast are voltage gated Na channels in terms of opening?
• Which osmotic condition involves the combination of high osmolarity solutions?
• What is the primary role of excretory/secretory cells in relation to the Golgi apparatus?
• What is the process called that involves the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources?
• What types of lipids are commonly found in cells?
• What direction do Ca pumps move calcium ions?
• What is the net ATP yield from the Electron Transport Chain?
• What determines the direction of facilitated diffusion for substances like glucose?
• What is the main example of primary active transport?
• What is the primary function of hydrogen ions in biological systems?
• In the context of diabetes, what happens when insulin is not present?
• In the primary active Na-K pump, how many sodium ions are exchanged for potassium ions?
• What is the action of insulin related to GLUT transporters?
• Which of the following is an example of secondary active counter-transport?
• What is a consequence of abnormal apoptosis if it occurs too rapidly?
• What impact does a resting membrane potential too close to the threshold have on depolarization?
• How many high energy bonds are present in one molecule of ATP?
• What are the two main types of gated ion channels?
• When do voltage gated K channels typically close?
• Is facilitated diffusion considered an active or passive process?
• Which of the following cells are examples of excitable cells?
• Which components are classified under intracellular electrolytes?
• Which process involves the synthesis of glycogen from glucose?
• What type of proteins do not penetrate the cell membrane?
• How is osmolarity defined?
• What are the two types of endocytosis?
• What is the most abundant intracellular cation in the human body?
• What is the major characteristic of the relative refractory period?
• In secondary active co-transport, what is a key requirement for one solute to move against its gradient?
• What is an important function of cell markers?
• What occurs during thymus involution as an example of apoptosis?
• What term describes the process of detoxifying drugs within the smooth ER?
• Which of the following is NOT a contributor to membrane potential?
• Which statement describes a role of the Na-K pump in the body?
• What type of transport moves substances with the concentration gradient without the use of energy?
• Which of the following is a likely characteristic of facilitated diffusion?
• What is the role of peripheral proteins after a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane?
• Which of the following is a common cardiac electrical change associated with hyperkalemia?
• What type of energy is used directly in primary active transport?
• What are the two main mechanisms of cell death?
• Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth ER?
• What happens to the T-waves in hyperkalemia?
• What is the most abundant extracellular cation?
• What occurs when 1 mole of NaCl is dissolved in water?
• What are the primary hydrogen shuttles in the cellular respiration process?
• Which of the following increases body osmolarity?
• As water flows into an area of higher osmolarity, what is the consequence?
• Which type of transport involves movement through a membrane without requiring energy?
• What is the definition of osmosis?
• What is the typical extracellular concentration of hydrogen phosphate (HPO4--) in mEq/L?
• Which types of cells are abundant in lysosomes?
• What is a clinical example of a stimulus during the supernormal period?
• What are the essential components of ATP?
• What is the normal intracellular concentration of calcium ions (Ca++) in mEq/L?
• What is the typical extracellular concentration of potassium (K+) in mEq/L?
• What can result from a supernormal period when weak stimuli can trigger action potentials?
• Which of the following is the most abundant intracellular anion?
• What would happen to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
• In secondary active counter-transport, how do the solutes move?
• What is one of the main functions of H2O2 in peroxisomes?
• Which of the following best describes necrosis?
• What state does the resting membrane potential (RMP) represent?
• Which of the following describes colloid osmotic pressure?
• What type of cell death is characterized as programmed cell death?
• What does the symbol "cal" represent in terms of heat energy?
• How many ATP are produced from one turn of the Krebs Cycle?
• What occurs to secondary active transport when there is a loss of ATP?
• Which mechanism describes facilitated diffusion?
• What is the intracellular concentration of chloride ions (Cl-) in mEq/L?
• What clinical manifestation can result from hypokalemia regarding ectopic conduction?
• Which extracellular anion is the most plentiful?
• What happens to mitochondrial DNA during increased energy activities?
• What is the process called that converts fatty acids into acetyl groups?
• What type of acid is produced under anaerobic conditions?
• What is a potential consequence of having too many ketone bodies in the bloodstream?
• What is a result of increased energy needs on mitochondria?
• What is the intracellular concentration range of glucose in mg/dl?
• What is an osmole?
• What is the end product of glycolysis?
• Which of the following substances can diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer due to being non-polar and fat soluble?
• Do all GLUT transporters require insulin for their function?
• How are reactive oxygen species (ROS) primarily formed?
• What occurs when there is an excess of acetyl CoA in the body?
• Which structure is associated with ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
• In relation to osmotic balance, what role does free H2O in feeding tubes play?
• Which statement is true about osmotic pressure?