Which reactive oxygen species is known as superoxide?

Superoxide is specifically identified by the molecular formula O2-. It is generated as a by-product of oxygen metabolism in the body, particularly during aerobic respiration and various biochemical reactions where oxygen is involved. The formation of superoxide is a crucial aspect of cellular metabolism, and it plays a significant role in both normal physiological processes and pathological conditions.

Superoxide is considered a reactive oxygen species (ROS) because it has unpaired electrons, making it highly reactive and capable of damaging cellular components, including lipids, proteins, and DNA. Its reactivity means that, while it can be harmful in excess and contribute to oxidative stress, it also plays a role in signaling pathways and immune responses.

On the other hand, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH), and nitric oxide (NO) are different types of reactive species with distinct chemical structures and biological implications. Hydrogen peroxide is a direct product of superoxide dismutation and serves as a signaling molecule, while hydroxyl radical is another highly reactive radical formed from the Fenton reaction involving hydrogen peroxide. Nitric oxide, although a signaling molecule, acts mainly in vascular function and immune response and does not share the same characteristics as superoxide. Therefore, the correct identification of superoxide aligns with