What is the process called that converts fatty acids into acetyl groups?

The process that converts fatty acids into acetyl groups is known as beta-oxidation. This metabolic pathway occurs in the mitochondria of cells and involves the breakdown of fatty acids to generate acetyl-CoA, which can then enter the Krebs cycle for further energy production.

During beta-oxidation, fatty acid molecules are progressively broken down in a series of enzymatic reactions. Each cycle removes two carbon atoms from the fatty acid chain, converting it into acetyl-CoA. This process is essential for metabolizing fats and provides a significant source of energy, particularly during prolonged fasting or intense exercise when carbohydrates are less available.

In contrast, glycolysis refers to the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, the Krebs cycle processes acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix to produce energy, and fermentation is an anaerobic process that converts sugars into acids or alcohol in low oxygen conditions. These processes do not involve the direct conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups, highlighting why beta-oxidation is the specific pathway relevant to this question.